Opioid use before pregnancy—not even during pregnancy itself—can result in a higher likelihood that a mother’s male offspring will develop type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome, two studies show.
Both type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome can increase the risk of heart disease and stroke.
The studies are in rats exposed to opioids over a 10-day period several weeks before mating, and have yet to be replicated in humans. The results suggest, however, that even if mothers stop opioid use before becoming pregnant, the effects on future generations could lead to significant health problems.
More than 142 million opioid prescriptions were dispensed in the US in 2020, with an estimated 1 in 3 Americans using prescription opioids and 11.5 million misusing them. In 3.6% of US counties, enough opioid prescriptions were dispensed in 2020 for every person to have one, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
In many circumstances, prescription opioids such as oxycodone, hydrocodone, and morphine can be an important component of overall pain management. But the current epidemic misuse of opioids leading to addiction has resulted in a crisis in the US, destroying lives and families regardless of income level, race, age, or gender.
“The percentage of the population exposed to prescription opioids has exploded in recent years,” says Elizabeth Byrnes, professor and neuroscientist at the Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts University.
“We as a society may not fully understand all the potential consequences of widespread prescription opioid use and misuse.”
“Addiction and overdose deaths have been the biggest and most important focus of our public health efforts to combat the misuse of opioids thus far. Yet perhaps what hasn’t been as widely appreciated is that opioids may also have significant effects on the immune and neuroendocrine systems and can also affect metabolism in those who take these drugs.
“What our research suggests is that these effects may also be passed down to future generations, even if the mother stops taking the drugs before pregnancy,” Byrnes says. “We as a society may not fully understand all the potential consequences of widespread prescription opioid use and misuse,” she says.
Researchers examine the effects of opioid use on addiction and other health consequences in rats as a gateway to better understanding the drugs’ effect in humans. They do so because rats have similar biological and reward systems as humans, and because they can look in the laboratory, under tightly controlled conditions, to discover changes in the rat brain, in metabolism, and in organ systems in response to opioid use, misuse, addiction, and withdrawal. Findings deemed worthy of further exploration can then be studied in humans.
In two studies, researchers looked at male rats born to mothers exposed to morphine (opioids) for 10 days as adolescents but who were drug free for at least three weeks prior to mating, so their male offspring were not exposed in utero. The control group of offspring were born to mothers who received a saline solution, rather than morphine.
For a paper in Scientific Reports, researchers compared both an eight and twelve-week administration of high fat-sugar diet or a controlled diet in both males whose mothers had been exposed to morphine and those who had received only saline.
The results for males whose mothers had been exposed to morphine and were given the high fat-sugar diet supported previous findings—they gained more weight and displayed higher levels of fasting blood sugars and higher levels of circulating insulin when compared to males whose mothers had received saline and were fed the high fat-sugar diet.
By extending the feeding regiment even longer, the researchers found that the male rats in both the controlled and high-fat diet group whose mothers had been exposed to morphine pre-conception also developed impaired glucose tolerance, which is an early sign of type 2 diabetes. They also had liver and other abnormalities.
“Even if the offspring are not exposed to a high fat-sugar diet, the risks for developing diabetes and other health problems are there, though they may take longer to emerge,” Byrnes says.
The findings of the Scientific Reports study build on an earlier study in Addiction Biology in which male offspring rats from both groups of mothers were fed a high fat-sugar diet for six weeks. The males born to mothers who had been exposed to morphine consumed more food, gained more weight, and developed fasting-induced hyperglycemia (high blood sugars) and hyperinsulinemia (high circulating levels of insulin).
This indicates the rats were becoming less able to regulate how their body converts food into energy, which can lead to obesity, type 2 diabetes, and a variety of other health problems that type 2 diabetes causes.
“What we essentially saw is that the limited morphine exposure in female rats prior to conception increased the risk of metabolic disorders, including type 2 diabetes in the males in the next generation,” says Byrnes.
The results for males whose mothers had been exposed to morphine and were given the high fat-sugar diet supported previous findings—they gained more weight and displayed higher levels of fasting blood sugars and higher levels of circulating insulin when compared to males whose mothers had received saline and were fed the high fat-sugar diet.
The researchers plan to next examine what the effects of morphine were on the female offspring, to see if the effects are similar or different than those on the male offspring.
Obesity, metabolic syndrome, and type 2 diabetes are linked to increased risks of heart disease, stroke, kidney disease, and other ailments.
“With such widespread use of opioids, we need think about all the ways that these drugs are affecting not only the current generation, but how they will impact future generations,” Byrnes says.
Anika Toorie, who was a postdoctoral researcher under Byrnes and is now an assistant professor at Rhode Island College, is the lead author of both studies.
Source: Julie Rafferty for Tufts University